1 Peter Rel Bawmtu

Ṭha Hleisung Tluangneh

Biahmaiṭhi

1 Peter cu a tlangpi in zapi sin ah kuat mi cakuat (General Epistles) a si. Sihmanhsehlaw, kuat duh mi bu cu lung ah a um ko. 1 Peter cakuat cu Pontas, Galatia, Kappadosia, Asia le Bithinia i aa ṭhek mi Khrihfami hna sin i kuat mi ca a si (1 Peter 1:1). Zapi sin i kuat mi cakuat vialte lak ah 1 Peter hi rel bik le duh bik mi cakuat a si. Hi cakuat cu har a tong cuahmah mi hna le a tong rih ding mi hna sin i pastor nih dawtnak lungthin taktak he kuat mi dawtnak cakuat a si

Cakuat Ṭial Caan, A Hmun le Caṭialtu

1 Peter cakuat cu A.D. 54-68 hrawng, Nero nih Khrihfami hna a hrem cuahmah lio hna hrawng, ah Rom in Peter nih a ṭial mi a si. Rom in a ṭial tiah zumh a sinak cu 1 Peter 5:13 ah Babylon in tiah a telh ca ah a si. Khrihfabu pale hmasa chan ah cun hi cakuat cu Peter nih a ṭial mi a si tiah pom a sinain, chanthar ah cun hi cakuat cu Peter nih a ṭial mi a si lo a min an hman bia a si tiah bia a um. Peter cakuat hi Peter nih a ṭial mi a si lo tiah zumh le ruah a sinak cu:

Caṭial tu i a Greek hi a ṭhat tuk ca ah Galilee ngatlai nih hitluk in aa dawh tein Greek ca a ṭial kho lai lo.
A biaknak zumhnak (theology) hi Paul he aa lo tuk.
Biakam Hlun a cherhchan mi hi Greek Biakam Hlun (Septuagint) deuh a si i Peter a si taktak ko ahcun Hebrew Biakam Hlun deuh a hman hnga.
Cakuat a ṭial caan le uktu hna kong zoh tik ah Rom uktu Domitian (A.D. 81-96) silole Trajan (A.D. 98-117) chan he aa lo deuh. Annih pennak cu Peter a thih hnu ah a si.
Peter a si taktak ko ahcun Jesuh kong tam deuh a telh hnga.

Peter cakuat hi Peter nih a ṭial mi a si lo tiah zumh le ruah a si ko nain Peter nih a ṭial ko tiah zumh a sinak cu:

Cakuat lila nih a fianter: 1 Peter 1:1 ah a min fiang tein a langhter, cun 5:1 kan rel ah cun “Khrih nih temhnak a inmi tehte pakhat ka si” a tinak nih a fianter.
Peter cu middle-class ngatlai a si ca ah a no lio tein Greek ṭha tein a thiam mi a si lai tiah zumh a si. Galilee hrawng zong ah Greek hi hman ngai mi holh a si kha tehte tampi a um. Cun a si kho mi cu Silas (1 Peter 5:12) bawmhnak in Peter nih hi ca a ṭial hi a si kho.
Peter le Paul nih an pom mi biaknak zumhnak (theology) aa lawhnak tampi a um ko lai, a bik in temhinnak kong ahhin cun an pommi le an zumhmi aa khat.
Cakuat a ṭial mi hi Greek careltu hna sin a si ca ah Greek Biakam Hlun a hman hi a palhnak a um tuk hnga lo.
Rom uktu Domitian silole Trajan chan ah a ṭial timi tehte a um lo.
Caṭialtu hna an ṭial mi kong ah careltu nih hi kong deuh cu hiti deuh in an ṭial awk a si tiah an ti awk a silo. Jesuh kong a telh tuk lo tiah an ti ko nain a cakuat chung ah Peter nih Jesuh bia a telhmi tampi a um (tahchunnak ah, 1 Peter 1:13 nih Luka 12:35 a cherhchan; 1 Peter 2:12 nih Matthai 5:16 a cherhchan; 1 Peter 3:14 nih Matthai 5:10 a cherhchan).
Cun, khrihfabu hmasa hna nih cun mah nih ṭial lomi cauk le cakuat tibantuk i midang min aiawhter in an ṭialmi hna cu Pathian thawchuah mi asilole nawlngaihnak a ngei mi ca ah an chia bal lo. 2 Thessalon 2:2 le 3:17 kan rel ahcun midang min in ṭial mi ca hna cu hlenthawinak aa telmi ca tiah ruah an si.

Cakual Ṭial Hnawh Chan

Hi cakuat cu “Pontus, Galatia, Kappadocia, Asia, le Bithinia” (1:1) i aa ṭhekmi Khrihfami hna sin i kuat mi a si. Kha lio chan ah hi hmun hna hi miphun zacawh an rak umnak le Greek le Rom (Greco-Roman) nunphung nih a rak chilh i Rom uknak tang ah a ummi hna an si. Mifim (scholars) tam deuh nih an zumh mi cu hi cakuat cu Jentail mi hna sin i kuat mi a si tihi a si. Cuti an ruahnak zong cu 1:14 i “nan rak hruh lio i” timi le 1:18 i “nan pupa nih an in rohmi hna santlailo phunglam hna” ti biafang a hman ca zong ah hin a si. Cu lawng si lo in 4:3-4 i nun can ziaza zoh tik ah Judah mi nak in Jentail mi hna nun ning he aa lo deuh. Sihmanhsehlaw, khrihfabu chung ah Judah Khrihfa tampi an rak um ve ko.

Hi cakuat ṭial hnawh chan a ruang cu hremnak chung ah an zumhnak fek tein a dirpi mi hna ca ah cun a donghnak ah Khrih a thihnak le thawhnak i a theipar, hmailei ca i ruahchannak, a um tihi a si. Peter nih careltu hna cu Pathian sin ah an sining dihlak i ap (4:19) in harnak le hremnak in ding in thazaang a pek hna (1:6-7; 2:18-20; 3:9, 13-17; 4:1-4, 12-19; 5:9). Har caan i fek tein a zumhnak a dirpi mi hna cu Pathian nih a chanhchuah hna lai, i Bawipa nih a kan kamh mi khamhnak tling tein an co hrimhrim lai. Khrih a thihnak le a thawhnak hi zumtu hna ca i i zohchun awk ṭha bik a si. Khrih zong temhinnak a tuar hnu ah sunparnak a co bantuk in a zultu hna zong sunparnak an cohlan ah temhinnak an tuar ve lai.

A Tlangpi In 1 Peter Nih Cawnpiakmi

Thumhkomh Pathian Mui (Trinitarian Images): 1 Peter nih cun Jesuh zultu hna nih an in mi hremnak kong deuh ṭial ko hmanhsehlaw a muru taktak cu Pathian kong a si. Pathian kong a sinak a ruang cu Pathian nawlngaih ruang i hremnak a ingmi hna nun kong a chim ca ah a si. 1 Peter nih Thumkomh Pathian an sining cu hitin hin a langhter: Pa cu thil a si hlan in hngalhnak a ngei mi (1:1-2), a ṭhawnnak in a kan huhphengtu (1:5), Pa cu Fapa i a Pa a si (1:3) i thihnak in a thawhtu a si (1:21). Fapa cu misual hna ca ah a thi, a tho (1:3) , i caan dongh tik ah aa phuang ding a si (1:7, 13). 1 Peter cakuat nih hin Jesuh kong a chim tik ah a temhinak kong deuh a chim. Jesuh Khrih a temhinnak nih hin Khrihfami hna nun zong ah zeibantuk temhinnak dah kan tuar awk a si ti a kan hngalhter tu a si. Biakam Thar cauk hmun dang ah hi cakuat tluk in Jesuh a temhinnak kong khoi ka hmanh ah fiang in an langhter lo. Zumtu hna nih Pathian he pehtlaihnak kan ngeih khawhnak cu Khrih thawng in a si. Thlarau cu miphun thiang ah sertu a si (1:2), i profet hna sin i Khrih kong a cang te ding a phuang tu a si (1:11).

Hmailei Kong (Eschatological Focus): 1 Peter a hrampi cu caan dongh kong aa hmaithlak mi a si ti a fiang. Cakuat a reltu vialte hna zong hi caan donghnak ah a nung mi an si ca ah caṭialtu zong nih “zeizong vialte donghnak caan hi a nai ko cang” (4:7) tiah a tinak hi a si. Caan dongh a naih cang ca ah “caan dongh” hi phan taktak sehlaw 1 Peter nih hin zeibantuk dah a cang lai tihi aa ruahchan silole zeidah a cang lai tiah a ruah? Pakhatnak le a biapi bik i 1 Peter nih aa ruahchan mi cu Jesuh Khrih a langh te lai ding hi a si. Cucu a cakuat chung zong ah voi thum tiang a chim: Jesuh Khrih a langh te tik ahcun zumtu vialte hna cu “thangṭhatnak le upatnak le sunparnak an hmuh lai” (1:7), “velngeihnak laksawng an hmuh lai” (1:13), i “ lunglawmhnak in an khat lai” (4:13). Pahnihnak i 1 Peter nih aa ruahchan mi cu kan Bawipa a langh te tik ahcun biaceihnak zong a um te lai. Pathian inn ah cun biaceihnak cu aa thawk cang (4:17). Pathian fale hna zong biaceihnak in an luat lai lo. Pathian nih duhdanh ngei loin bia a ceih hna lai (1:17). 1 Peter nih hin Jesuh zum lo tu hna kong tampi a chim lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, biaceih tik ah cun Pathian hmai ah an chuak ve te lai tiah a chim (4:5). Pathian cu kan Pa tiah a timi hna nih cun amah ca ah an nung lai, an bia lawng in a si lai lo. Cucaah a tu caan i hartsatnak he nun zong a phut konak cu a donghnak i Pathian nih bia a kan ceih lai ding ahhin a si.

Thianhlim Nun (Holiness): Hmailei kong cuanh in ṭial mi cakuat a si ca ah zumtu hna nih thianhlim nun ngeih ding in a kan cawnpiak chih fawn. Thianhlim nun cu phuthum in a ṭhen: zatlang thianhlim nun (social holiness), pumpak thianhlim nun (personal holiness) le tlanghrawm thianhlim nun (communal holiness).

Pumpak thianhlim nun cu 1:13-2:10 chung ah aa ṭial i cu ah cun “mah le mah i uk khawhnak” le “pumsa duhnak hrial” hna hi an si. Peter nih “ziar ngei ti hlah u, lih chim ti hlah u; hrawkhrol in um ti hlah u, nahchuahnak ngei ti hlah u, zawmhtaihnak bia hmang ti hlah u” (2:1) tiah a ti a ruang cu zumtu hna cu “lawkihmi nih an rak tuah tawnmi kha a za ceo nan rak tuah ve ko cang. Pumsa duhnak tehna, hornak tehna, zu ritnak tehna, zu hmun i nuamhnak tehna, bawilamnak tehna le fihnung a simi siasal biaknak tehna kha nan rak tuah hna” (4:3). Khrihfami hna nih thianhlim nun ngeih ding kan sinak cu Pathian cu a thian ca ah a si (1:15-16). Cucaah duhdanhnak ngei loin bia a ceih te hna lai (1:17).
2:11-4:11 nih cun zatlang thianhlim nun kong a chim. Cucaah pumpak sualnak kong si lo in Khrihfa a si lomi hna he kan nun ṭi tik ah zeitindah an ram i hruainak nawl zulhnak kong (hruaitu ṭha lo an si ko zong ah), le va le nawlngaihnak kong a ṭial. Khrihfa a si lomi hna he pehtlaihnak ngeih tik ah an lungfahter lo ding hi Peter nih biapi ngaingai ah a chiah. Thianhlim nun timi cu minung pumsa duhnak i teiter lo hi a si (2:11).
4:7-11 in 5:1-7 ah cun Peter nih mi zabu chung i thianghlim nun kong a chim. Pumpak thianhlim kong ah Peter nih a biapi ngai in a chiah mi cu lei ṭih a nun kong hi a si. Lei nih cun Khrihfa mi hna an bupi in a hrawh khawh hna. Sihmanhsehlaw, 4:7-11 le 5:1-7 ah cun a ṭhatnak lei deuh in a chim i, biapi ah a chiah mi cu dawtnak, khat le khat tlun inn i onh, Pathian nih pek mi mah le laksawng cio in khat le khat i rianh le toidor nun hna hi an si. Hi hi zeiruang ahdah biapi ah a chiah ti ah cun hi nih hin zabu a funtom lai i har le hrem an ton tik ah an ṭangṭi kho lai. Lungkhat tein an ṭanṭi ahcun an dir kho lai. An tlu lai lo.

Ruahchannak (Hope): Peter nih ruahchannak biafang hi voi nga lawng a hman (1:3, 13, 21; 3:5, 15), sihmanhsehlaw cu nih cun hi cauk i a chim duhnak fiang te in le hmual ngei tein a langhter. Khrihfami hna cu “a nung mi ruahchannak” a ngei mi kan si (1:3) ca ah harnak a petu hna lila nih Khrihfami hna ruahchannak hi zeibantuk ruahchannak dah a si titiang in biahalnak a ngeihter hna (3:15). Cu ruahchannak cu a donghnak ah thil hi ṭhat lei a panh te ko lai timi fiang huaha lo ruahchannak a si lo. Sihmanhsehlaw, an ruahchannak cu a fiang mi le a donghnak ah Khrih a rak kir ṭhan hrimhrim te lai timi a thuk mi ruahchannak a si (1:13). Cu ti ruahchannak an ngeih ngam mi zong cu Khrih thihnak in a thawhtertu Pathian cu zumhawktlak a si ca ah a si (1:21). Khrihfami hna ruahchannak cu nuncan ziaza he ṭhen awk an ṭha lo. Ruahchannak le nuncan ziaza cu Khrihfami hna i nuncan sining hrampi a si. Pathian he aa tong ding kan si ca ah le Khrih aa phuan tik ah velngeihnak laksawng tingco ding kan si ca ah har ton lio caan zong ah zumhawktlak in le thiannak in nung ding kan si. Cu ruahchannak nih cun Khrihfami hna cu pawngkam sining zulh lo in nuncan sining hman tein nun a kan cawnpiak.

Khamhnak Kong Zumhnak (Soteriology): Peter ca ah cun ruahchannak le khamhnak kong hi aa ṭhen kho lo. Khamhnak cu Khrih thawng in hmuh mi a si. Jesuh Khrih thihnak in a thawh mi hi Khrihfami hna kan ruahchannak hrampi a si. Zeiruang ti ah cun Khrih thihnak in a thawh ruang ah nunnak thar kan hmu (1:3). Nunnak thar kan hmuh mi hi i peknak a um ruang ah a si. Sual sal in luatnak kan hmuh mi cu Khrih a thi thawng in a si (1:19). Hi nih hin Biakam Hlun i Hebru mi hna Lanhtak tuu silole meheh thi thawng in thihnak in an luatnak hmanthlak zong a langhter. Isaiah 53 ah an tuknak vual in damnak kan hmuh i a thihnak thawng in luatnak kan hmu tiah aa ṭial mi zong a fehter (2:22-24). Khrih nih kan ca i a nun a sian ruang ah Khrih ca i temhtuar duhnak lungthin a kan ngeihter (4:1, 13). Khrih a thihnak a zummi hna cu khamh kan si, sihmanhsehlaw Khrih a rak kir ṭhan tik lawng ah khamhnak a tling te lai (1:9). Caan dongh ni ah khamhnak cu tling tein hmuh a si te lai (1:5).

Biatlang Kawm

1 Peter cu, Lamkaltu Peter nih kum zabu i Khrihfami hna sin le nihin ni Khrihfami hna sin i kuat mi cakuat a si. Peter cakuat nih nihin zumtu hna zeitindah thazaang a kan pek? Zeibantuk ruahchannak dah kan ngeih? Peter nih fek te le fiang tein a chimmi cu Jesuh Khrih lawnglawng hi a tu le zungzal ca i a fiangbik kan ruahchannak a si. Cakuat chung vialte zong ah a nolh lengmang mi cu kan ruahchannak hrampi cu Pathian nih a luancia caan ah le hmailei caan i Khrih thawng in a tuah lai ding mi ahhin a si. Ruahchannak ngei lo in a nung mi hna nih Jesuh ah a nung mi ruahchannak kan ngei. Mi cheukhat ca ah cun Peter thazaang peknak hi a si kho lo ngai mi a lo ko nain Peter cu Jesuh zultu a si. Zumhnak in a khat. Jesuh cawnpiaknak le a tuah mi a mit bak in a hmu tu lawng a si loin Khrih a nunnak, a thihnak, a thawhnak le van a kainak sullam vialte a hmu tu a si. Peter nih Bawipa ṭhatnak a temh i a ṭhatnak nih zeitik hmanh ah a kan deuh lai lo ti aa fiang. Cucaah “Pathian vel ahmaanmi taktak a si ti kha tehte khan ka duh i a chungah fek tein dir u” (5:12b) tiah Peter nih a forh hna nak hi a si. Peter nih Jesuh kong a chimmi cu Mark Thawngṭha nih fiang tein a langhter. Hi cakuat nih Jesuh nih nan vailamtah i put u law ka zul uh tiah a kan fialnak a ruang le a sullam a kan fianhter. Ruahchannak hi Pathian laksawng a si. Hi ruahchannak cu Jesuh thawhnak thawng in kan hmuh mi laksawng sunglawi a si.

Bibliography

Barclay, William. The Letters of James and Peter. Louisville, Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.

Clowney, Edmund P. Message of 1 Peter. S.L., Intervarsity Press, 2021.

Davids, Peter H. A Theology of James, Peter, and Jude: Living in the Light of the Coming King. Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zondervan, 2014.

---. The First Epistle of Peter. Grand Rapids, Mich., Eerdmans, 1990.

ESV Study Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, Ill., Crossway, 2008.